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In atmospheric sciences (meteorology, climatology and related fields), the
temperature gradient (typically of Earth's atmosphere, more generally of any fluid) is a physical quantity that describes in which direction and at what rate the temperature changes the most rapidly around a particular location. The temperature gradient is a dimensional quantity expressed in Units of measurement of degrees (on a particular temperature scale) per unit length. The
International System of Units unit is kelvin per metre (K/m).
Mathematical description
Assuming that the temperature
T is an intensive quantity, i.e., a single-valued,
Continuous function and Derivative Function (mathematics) of three-dimensional space (often called a scalar field), i.e., that
T=T(x,y,z)
where
x,
y and
z are the
Cartesian coordinate system of the location of interest, then the temperature gradient is the Vector (spatial) quantity defined as
\nabla T = \begin{pmatrix}{\frac{\partial T}{\partial x-->,{\frac{\partial T}{\partial y-->,{\frac{\partial T}{\partial z-->\end{pmatrix}
Weather and climate relevance
Differences in air temperature between different locations are critical in weather forecasting and climate. The absorption of solar light at or near the planetary surface increases the temperature gradient and may result in convection (a major process of cloud formation, often associated with
Precipitation_(meteorology)). Similarly, on a global and annual basis, the dynamics of the atmosphere (and the oceans) can be understood as attempting to reduce the large difference of temperature between the Geographical pole and the equator by redistributing masses of warm and cold air (and water).
Surface weather analysis are regions where the horizontal temperature gradient may reach relatively high values, as these are boundaries between Air mass with rather distinct properties.
Clearly, the temperature gradient may change substantially in time, as a result of diurnal or seasonal heating and cooling for instance.
Day to day experiences and health issues
Other places where noticeable temperature gradients can be experienced include the entrance (or exits) of air conditioned shops in the summer, or the entrance of caves and other protected or poorly ventilated areas.
Rapid changes in temperature (in space or time) may cause discomfort and, in extreme cases, heat or cold stresses.
See also
- Gradient
- Adiabatic lapse rate
References
- Edward N. Lorenz (1967) The nature and theory of the general circulation of atmosphere, World Meteorological Organization, Publication No. 218, Geneva, Switzerland.
- M. I. Budyko (1978) Climate and Life, Academic Press, International Geophysics Series, Volume 18, ISBN 0-12-139450-6.
- Robert G. Fleagle and Joost A. Businger (1980) An Introduction to Atmospheric Physics, Second Edition, Academic Press, International Geophysics Series, Volume 25, ISBN 0-12-260355-9.
- David Miller (1981) Energy at the Surface of the Earth: An Introduction to the Energetics of Ecosystems, Academic Press, International Geophysics Series, Volume 29.
- John M. Wallace and Peter V. Hobbs (2006) Atmospheric Science: An Introductory Survey, Second Edition, Academic Press, International Geophysics Series, ISBN 0-12-732951-X.
External links
- IPCC Third Assessment Report
In atmospheric sciences (
meteorology, climatology and related fields), the
temperature gradient (typically of Earth's atmosphere, more generally of any
fluid) is a physical quantity that describes in which direction and at what rate the
temperature changes the most rapidly around a particular location. The temperature gradient is a dimensional quantity expressed in Units of measurement of degrees (on a particular temperature scale) per unit length. The
International System of Units unit is kelvin per metre (K/m).
Mathematical description
Assuming that the temperature
T is an intensive quantity, i.e., a single-valued,
Continuous function and Derivative
Function (mathematics) of three-dimensional space (often called a scalar field), i.e., that
T=T(x,y,z)
where
x,
y and
z are the Cartesian coordinate system of the location of interest, then the temperature gradient is the
Vector (spatial) quantity defined as
\nabla T = \begin{pmatrix}{\frac{\partial T}{\partial x-->,{\frac{\partial T}{\partial y-->,{\frac{\partial T}{\partial z-->\end{pmatrix}
Weather and climate relevance
Differences in air temperature between different locations are critical in weather forecasting and climate. The absorption of solar light at or near the planetary surface increases the temperature gradient and may result in
convection (a major process of
cloud formation, often associated with
Precipitation_(meteorology)). Similarly, on a global and annual basis, the dynamics of the atmosphere (and the oceans) can be understood as attempting to reduce the large difference of temperature between the
Geographical pole and the equator by redistributing masses of warm and cold air (and water).
Surface weather analysis are regions where the horizontal temperature gradient may reach relatively high values, as these are boundaries between
Air mass with rather distinct properties.
Clearly, the temperature gradient may change substantially in time, as a result of diurnal or seasonal heating and cooling for instance.
Day to day experiences and health issues
Other places where noticeable temperature gradients can be experienced include the entrance (or exits) of air conditioned shops in the summer, or the entrance of caves and other protected or poorly ventilated areas.
Rapid changes in temperature (in space or time) may cause discomfort and, in extreme cases, heat or cold stresses.
See also
References
- Edward N. Lorenz (1967) The nature and theory of the general circulation of atmosphere, World Meteorological Organization, Publication No. 218, Geneva, Switzerland.
- M. I. Budyko (1978) Climate and Life, Academic Press, International Geophysics Series, Volume 18, ISBN 0-12-139450-6.
- Robert G. Fleagle and Joost A. Businger (1980) An Introduction to Atmospheric Physics, Second Edition, Academic Press, International Geophysics Series, Volume 25, ISBN 0-12-260355-9.
- David Miller (1981) Energy at the Surface of the Earth: An Introduction to the Energetics of Ecosystems, Academic Press, International Geophysics Series, Volume 29.
- John M. Wallace and Peter V. Hobbs (2006) Atmospheric Science: An Introductory Survey, Second Edition, Academic Press, International Geophysics Series, ISBN 0-12-732951-X.
External links
- IPCC Third Assessment Report
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